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Novel Design of a Usable and Accurate Anthropometric Caliper
R Osquei-Zadeh,M Rousta-Nezhad
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , 2012,
Abstract: Background: Anthropometric kits are extensively used in workstation and product design projects, and with the advancement of technology, they have turned into highly complex and effective instruments. However, there are still many challenging problems in usability and reliability of application of these kits in real-world settings. Objectives: To identify the usability and accuracy issues with a conventional anthropometric caliper, and to propose measurable design features to enhance the functionality of the caliper. Methods: The measurement process using a conventional anthropometric caliper was systematically analyzed through detailed hierarchical task analyses. Also, six qualified anthropometry specialists performed heuristic evaluations to gain valuable insights into major usability issues in relation to the existing body measurement devices. Based on the resulting concepts, a mock-up was developed and evaluated against the desired specifications. Results: Incorrect positioning angle of the caliper, as well as applying various amounts of force by different investigators to push the caliper branches against body parts, appeared to be the main factors introducing inaccuracy to anthropometric data. Installing a spirit level on caliper, and also a pre-programmed microprocessor for real-time saving of the obtained data, facilitated the measurement process for both investigators and subjects. Conclusion: Accuracy, followed by usability is the primary concern in designing anthropometric instruments. However, expectations would vary from one specialist to another. Therefore, trade-offs should be made when incorporating innovative features in novel designed body measurement kits.
Assessing Incorrect Household Waste Sorting in a Medium-Sized Swedish City
Kamran Rousta,Karin M. Ekstr？m
Sustainability , 2013, DOI: 10.3390/su5104349
Abstract: Source separation is a common method for dealing with the increasing problem of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in society. The citizens are then responsible for separating waste fractions produced in their home. If the consumers fail to sort the waste according to the source separation scheme, it will lead to an ineffective system. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the environmental, economic and social aspects of incorrect waste sorting in a medium sized Swedish city that has established a source separation system. In order to determine the extent to which citizens correctly sort their waste, food waste (black bags) and combustible fraction (white bags), were collected randomly from a residential area and categorized in different waste fractions. The results show that approximately 68 wt% of the waste in the white and 29 wt% in the black bags were not sorted correctly. This incorrect sorting accrues over 13 million SEK per year cost for this community. In order to improve the inhabitants’ participation in the waste management system, it is necessary to change different factors such as convenience and easy access to the recycling stations in the local MSW management systems as well as to review current regulation and policy.
Evaluating Trend of Physical Urban Expansion of Shiraz City and physiographic conditions effect on land use changes
Z. Rousta,S.M. Monavari,M. Darvishi,F. Falahati
Geography and Environmental Planning , 2013,
Abstract: Extended abstract1- IntroductionNatural environment hasn’t permanently adjusted with urban expansion and human settlements. Many historical cities have been abandoned due to these Natural environment incompatibilities. The most effective factors of natural environment on urban expansion are topography, slope, weather, geology, hydrology and geomorphology conditions. By increasing of trend urbanization, cities need to vast territories for settling the population, these territories have composed of different topographic and geomorphologic units. The impact of growth rate of city size on topographic and geomorphologic units will be complicated, by increasing of urban expansion. Orientation of physical expansion in terms of effective factors must be in a way that less damages imposes on natural environment and can be preserved environment in a direction of preservation of sustainable Development. Changes in the earth’s surface can be related to natural dynamics or human activities and can occur either suddenly or gradually. Accelerated urban growth is usually associated with and driven by the population concentration in an area. The extent of urbanization or its growth drives the change in land use/cover pattern. Land use and land cover changes may have adverse impacts on ecology of the area, specially hydro-geomorphology and vegetation. As the characteristics of land cover have important impacts on climate, biogeochemistry, hydrology and species diversity, land cover change has been indicated as one of the high priority concerns for research and for the development of strategies for sustainable management. Although urban areas currently cover only 3% of the Earth’s land surface, they have marked effects on environmental conditions at both local and global scales, including climate change.2- MethodologyRecently, remote sensing has been used in combination with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Global Positioning Systems to assess land cover change more effectively than by remote sensing data only. This paper presents an integrated study of land use/cover changes and urban expansion in Shiraz city, Fars province in Iran. The study explores the temporal and spatial characteristics of urban expansion and land use/cover changes from 1990 to 2009. Statistical classification approaches have been used for the classification of the remotely sensed images obtained from various sensors viz. Landsat TM, ETM+ and IRS PAN, LISS-III.3– DiscussionLand use/land cover changes (LUCC) are major cause of ecological environmental changes. Geometric correction was perfor
The Simple and Combined Effects of Organic and Mineral Amendments on Aggregates Size of the Salic Sodic Soil with Silt Loam Texture
K. Enayati,M.J. Rousta,A. Vakili
Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources , 2011,
Abstract: Soil structure and aggregate stability affect soil erodibility. There is a necessity for increasing aggregate stability against erosive factors such as wind and water. This study was conducted on surface soil samples (0-20cm) collected from agricultural land susceptible to erosion located in Chahoo, southeast of Fars province. The experimental design was CRD with 10 treatments and was replicated 3 times as follows: control plot (without addition of soil amendments), pure gypsum, chopped wheat straw, farm yard manure, gypsum+wheat straw, gypsum+ farm yard manure (1% w/w), cement at levels (0.3% w/w), (0.6% w/w), (0.9% w/w), gypsum +cement (0.9% w/w). After one, four and seven months, the amounts of soil aggregates in 53-4000 μm sizes were determined by wet sieving and MWD was calculated. The results of aggregate size distribution in every stage of the experiment showed that application of farm yard manure and wheat straw separately or in combination with gypsum through reduction in aggregates with diameters of <106 μm has caused an increase in aggregates with diameter of >106 μm. Based on the results of this research, the effect of these treatments, which increased MWD of the aggregate, results from the amount of aggregates with diameters larger than 1000 μm. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that these treatments be considered suitable to increase the stability of sensitive silt loam soils.
A MATLAB-Linked Solver to Find Fuel Depletion in a PWR, a Suggested VVER-1000 Type
F. Faghihi,M. Saidi Nezhad
Mathematical Problems in Engineering , 2009, DOI: 10.1155/2009/249162
Abstract: Coupled first-order IVPs are frequently used in many parts of engineering and sciences. We present a “solver” including three computer programs which were joint with the MATLAB software to solve and plot solutions of the first-order coupled stiff or nonstiff IVPs. Some applications related to IVPs are given here using our MATLAB-linked solver. Muon catalyzed fusion in a D-T mixture is considered as a first dynamical example of the coupled IVPs. Then, we have focused on the fuel depletion in a suggested PWR including poisons burnups (xenon-135 and samarium-149), plutonium isotopes production, and uranium depletion. 1. Introduction Coupled first-order IVPs are frequently used in many parts of engineering and sciences [1–3], and we presented a package seems to be useful for researchers to solve IVPs [4]. It is possible to describe many dynamical problems using IVPs; MATLAB is the best software for engineers and applied scientists to solve the problems numerically, specially solving IVPs. In our early studies, we have utilized a numerical “MATLAB-linked solver” to calculate stiff or nonstiff first-order coupled IVPs using MATLAB software [4], and reader can find these programs in the appendix. The well-known numerical methods such as Runge-Kutta, Rosenbrock, Classical method, Taylor series, Adams-Bashforth are used to solve IVPs using our MATLAB-linked solver [4, 5]. The main aim of the present research is to give a MATLAB-linked solver to solve first-order coupled differential equation which is used in many subjects of the nuclear engineering. Therefore, in the present study, some dynamical problems (which mathematically are coupled first-order IVPs) are studied as examples of the present solver ability. First we explain Muon Catalyzed Fusion (？？CF) and find the fusion cycling rate. Then, we focus on the poisons, including xenon135 and samarium-149, burnups in a suggested 1000？MWe PWR as well as its plutonium isotopes build up. Their solutions are given using our “MATLAB-linked solver.” Basically, consider a first-order coupled IVPs such as？？？？1(？？)？？？？=？？1=？？11(？？)？？1+？+？？1？？(？？)？？？？,？？？？2(？？)？？？？=？？2=？？21(？？)？？1+？+？？2？？(？？)？？？？…？？？？？？？(？？)？？？？=？？？？=？？？1(？？)？？1+？+？？？？？？(？？)？？？？,(1.1) where initial values of the dependent variables are:？？？？？？0=？？？？,？？？？=const.,(？？=1,2,…,？？).(1.2) Here, ？？ is used for the independent variable and may refer to time in a dynamical problems, and ？？？(？？) stands for dependent variables. Coupled IVPs with constant coefficients. First, we consider the IVPs with constant coefficients, or in other words constant ？？？？？？, and we
Efficacy of cardiac surgery in endocarditis
Moradmand S,Rasooli Nezhad M
Tehran University Medical Journal , 2000,
Abstract: 2 factors changed the clinical course of infective endocarditis dramatically: 1) The discovery and evolution of techniques for identifying and treating its microbiologic causes and 2) Valvular surgery. We retrospectively evaluated 43 (33.5%) patients (8 female, 35 male) from 4 to 65 years old of 128 patients with infective endocarditis who underwent surgical intervention. Indication for surgery were: Refractory congestive heart failure 14 (32.5%), prosthetic valves 10 (23.2%), large vegetation 6 (13.9%), recurrent endocarditis 4 (9.3%), ring abscess 4 (9.3%), brucella endocarditis 2 (4.6%), staph aureus endocarditis 3 (6.9%) and recurrent emboli 2 (4.6%). 30 to 50% of patients with infective endocarditis are operated during the active phase of the disease, this percentage is higher in case of aortic valve endocarditis, prosthetic valve endocarditis, some microorganisms such as staph aureus, gram negative bacilli, fungus and brucella. We suggest that internists refer patients for surgical intervention with infective endocarditis as early as possible in the active stage of infection.
INTUBATIONS CONDITIONS AND HOMODYNAMIC RESPONSES UNDER ANESTHESIA INDUCTION WITH THREE COMBINATION DRUGS: ALFENTANIL- MIDAZOLAM, ALFENTANIL- THIOPENTAL AND ALFENTANIL- KETAMINE
H SOLTANI NEZHAD,M VAFABAKHSH
Journal of Research in Medical Sciences , 2000,
Abstract: Background. Administration of alfentanil followed by propofol intravenously (IV) without neuromuscular blockage for induction of anesthesia provides adaquate conditions for tracheal intubation. Other hypnotic drugs have not been thoroughly investigated in this regard. The aim of the present study was comparison of intubation conditions and hemodynamic responses of anesthesia induction with alfentanil/midazolam, alfentanil/Na thiopental and alfentanil/ ketamine. Methods. In a clinical trial study one hundred and twenty children were randomly allocated to four groups. Medication in these groups were alfentanil 40 μg/kg+ midazolam 200 μg/kg,alfentanil 40 μg/kg+Na thiopental 6 μg/kg, alfentanil 40 μg/kg+ketamin 2 mg/kg & Na thipental 6 mg/kg+suxamethonium 2 mg/kg (as control group). In all patients the ease of ventilation via face mask, jaw mobility, degree of exposure and position of vocal cords, patient's response to tracheal intubation, duration of time was needed for intubation and hemodynamic changes after intubation were assessed and recorded. Findings. There are significant differences between first three groups (interventional groups) for jaw mebility, ventilation, vocal cord visuality, vocal cord position, patient movement during laryngoscopy and mean laryngoscopy time, (P < 0.05). There is significant difference between all groups of nesdonal+alfentanil except for patient movement. There is significant difference between mean SBP and PR before and after intubation in first and third group. Conclusion. Results represent that the group of Alfentanil plus Nesdonal had a better quality of ventilation rather than two other groups. It is recommended that administration of alfentanil plus thiopental combination is preferred in cases that using muscle relaxant is contraindicated.
Effect of growth at low pH on the cell surface properties of a typical strain of Lactobacillus casei group
M Hossein Nezhad,DJ Stenzel,ML Britz
Iranian Journal of Microbiology , 2010,
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Although members of the Lactobacillus casei group are known to survive under acidic conditions, the underlying mechanisms of growth at acidic condition and the impact of low pH on the relative level of protein expression at the cell surface remain poorly studied."nMaterial and Methods: After confirming the taxonomy of L. casei strain GCRL 12 which was originally isolated from cheese and confirmed by 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the impact of acidic pH on growth rate was determined."nResults: Late log-phase cells cultured at pH 4.0 showed obvious changes in Gram staining properties while transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed evidence of structural distortions of the cell surface relative to the controls cultured at pH 6.5. When comparing cytosolic or whole cell preparations on SDS-PAGE, few changes in protein profiles were observed under the two growth conditions. However, analysis of surface protein extracted by 5M LiCl demonstrated changes in the proportions of proteins present in the molecular weight range of 10 to 80 kDa, with some proteins more dominant at pH 6.5 and other at pH 4."nConclusion: These data suggest that surface proteins of this strain are associated with growth and survival at low pH. The function of these proteins is subject to further investigation.
Analysis of Extreme Precipitation Events over Central Plateau of Iran  [PDF]
Iman Rousta, Mohsen Soltani, Wen Zhou, Hoffman H. N. Cheung
American Journal of Climate Change (AJCC) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2016.53024
Abstract: This paper describes the results of an analysis of extreme rainfall events in the central plateau of Iran. To study the extreme events, daily records of eighteen stations’ rainfalls in the region for different initial dates up to 2005 gathered from the bureau of meteorology. Then, the extreme rainfall threshold was calculated for each individual station using the statistical index of Gamble type I. Lastly, 22 mm was determined as the extreme rainfall value for the entire stations, and eventually 17 out of 169 extreme precipitation events were extracted in accordance with three factors including a) days with precipitation in not less than 50% of the stations, b) maximum rainfall is 22 mm or more in at least one of the stations, and c) mean precipitation of the basin is more than 3 mm. In the next step to analyze the synoptic features, the relevant meteorological data i.e. relative vorticity, geopotential height, sea level pressure, u and v wind components, relative humidity, vertical velocity, and precipitable water content at multiple levels of the atmosphere were examined from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset. The synoptic findings indicate that two patterns of deep trough and high ridge of the eastern Mediterranean were responsible for making the heavy precipitation events over the central plateau of Iran. The most and severest rainfall events occurred via deep tough pattern, which covered 76% of days with extreme precipitations during the examined period. Furthermore, the results suggest that the main moisture resources, which identified by HYSPLIT model’s outputs and moisture convergence/divergence zones for the rainy systems in the first pattern (deep trough) including Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, Indian Ocean, and Red Sea, while for the second pattern (high ridge) Persian Gulf and Red Sea play a significant role in feeding the storms in the central regions of Iran. Moreover, the southward movement of Polar Vortex is also considered as those important factors to produce extreme precipitation events over the central plateau of Iran. In general, the HYSPLIT trajectories model’s outputs confirmed the observed synoptic features in particular for the systems’ moisture feeding discussed in the patterns.
Local Langerhans cell histiocytosis (eosinophilic granuloma) in a six-month baby: a case report
Bahador M,Esmaeilpoor S,Bahador M,Ebrahimi nezhad A
Tehran University Medical Journal , 2008,
Abstract: "nBackground: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by the proliferation of specialized bone marrow-derived Langerhans cells and mature eosinophils. The estimated annual incidence ranges from 0.5-2 cases per 100,000 persons per year. The pathogenesis of LCH is unknown. The prevalence of LCH seems to be higher among whites and males. The most common complaints at presentation are those related to bone lesions. Treatment consists of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy alone or in combination. The age of onset varies according to the variety of LCH. Solitary lesions may occur in bones or skin. Cutaneous lesions present with firm, painless papulonodules or vesicles. "nCase report: This six-month-old baby presented with firm papulonodules on her temporal skin, but fortunately her other organs were healthy. She underwent two surgeries, separated by a one-month interval. Due to local recurrence after a short period of time, she underwent a 10-Gy dose of radiation. Her response proved good during follow-up. "nConclusion: Radiotherapy is good for controlling local recurrence in LCH, with few sequelae related to treatment.
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